in Rev. 20:4 was reflected in the prominent place given them in early non-chiliast exegesis, received no similar distinction in chiliasm. As heaven was the scene of the reign in the non-chiliastic view, such a focus on the martyrs was merely in keeping with so many of the early Christian representations of heaven, as martyrs are customarily found in the first ranks of the redeemed populating the celestial kingdom. If the identity of the participants was noncontroversial, the same cannot be said of